بِسمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحمـٰنِ الرَّحيمِ إِنّا أَرسَلنا نوحًا إِلىٰ قَومِهِ أَن أَنذِر قَومَكَ مِن قَبلِ أَن يَأتِيَهُم عَذابٌ أَليمٌ

BEHOLD. We sent Noah unto his people. [saying:] Warn thy people ere grievous suffering befall them!

قالَ يا قَومِ إِنّي لَكُم نَذيرٌ مُبينٌ

[And Noah] said: O my people! I am but a plain warner to you, [sent to tell you]

أَنِ اعبُدُوا اللَّهَ وَاتَّقوهُ وَأَطيعونِ

that you should worship God [alone] and be conscious of Him. Now do pay heed unto me,

يَغفِر لَكُم مِن ذُنوبِكُم وَيُؤَخِّركُم إِلىٰ أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى ۚ إِنَّ أَجَلَ اللَّهِ إِذا جاءَ لا يُؤَخَّرُ ۖ لَو كُنتُم تَعلَمونَ

so that He may forgive you some of your sins, and grant you respite until a term known [to Him alone]:¹ but, behold, when the term appointed by God does come, it can never be put back - if you but knew it!

1. 1.  Namely, until the end of each person's life - implying that although they might be forgiven all sins committed before their postulated change of heart, they would henceforth, until their death, be held fully accountable for their behaviour in the light of that new-found faith. Cf. 4:18 - "repentance shall not be accepted from those who do evil deeds until their dying hour and then say, Behold, I now repent'".

قالَ رَبِّ إِنّي دَعَوتُ قَومي لَيلًا وَنَهارًا

[And after a time, Noah] said: O my Sustainer! Verily, I have been calling unto my people night and day

فَلَم يَزِدهُم دُعائي إِلّا فِرارًا

but my call has only caused them to flee farther and farther away [from Thee].²

1. 2.  Lit., "has not increased them in anything but flight".

وَإِنّي كُلَّما دَعَوتُهُم لِتَغفِرَ لَهُم جَعَلوا أَصابِعَهُم في آذانِهِم وَاستَغشَوا ثِيابَهُم وَأَصَرّوا وَاستَكبَرُوا استِكبارًا

And behold, whenever I called unto them with a view to Thy granting them forgiveness, they put their fingers into their ears, and wrapped themselves up in their garments [of sin];³ and grew obstinate, and became [yet more] arrogant in their false pride.

1. 3.  For the reason of the above interpolation - which endows the concept of "garments" with a metaphorical meaning - see note 2 on 74:4; cf. also the expression "garment of God-consciousness" (libas at-taqwa) in 7:26.

ثُمَّ إِنّي دَعَوتُهُم جِهارًا

And behold I called unto them openly;

ثُمَّ إِنّي أَعلَنتُ لَهُم وَأَسرَرتُ لَهُم إِسرارًا

and, behold I preached to them in public; and I spoke to them secretly, in private;

فَقُلتُ استَغفِروا رَبَّكُم إِنَّهُ كانَ غَفّارًا

and I said: 'Ask your Sustainer to forgive you your sins - for, verily, He is all-forgiving!

يُرسِلِ السَّماءَ عَلَيكُم مِدرارًا

He will shower upon you heavenly blessings abundant,⁴

1. 4.  Lit., "He will let loose the sky over you with abundance" (but see also note 76 on 11:52).

وَيُمدِدكُم بِأَموالٍ وَبَنينَ وَيَجعَل لَكُم جَنّاتٍ وَيَجعَل لَكُم أَنهارًا

and will aid you with worldly goods and children, and will bestow upon you gardens, and bestow upon you running waters.⁵

1. 5.  The two last-mentioned blessings are an allusion to the state of happiness in the hereafter, symbolized in the Qur'an as "gardens through which running waters flow".

ما لَكُم لا تَرجونَ لِلَّهِ وَقارًا

'What is amiss with you that you cannot look forward to God's majesty,⁶

1. 6.  I.e., "that you refuse to believe in God" (Zamakhshari). Some authorities (e.g., Jawhari) give to the above phrase the meaning, "that you will not fear God's majesty", which, too, implies lack of belief in Him.

وَقَد خَلَقَكُم أَطوارًا

seeing that He has created [every one of] you in successive stages?⁷

1. 7.  I.e., by a process of gradual evolution, in the mother's womb, from a drop of sperm and a fertilized germ-cell (the female ovum), up to the point where the embryo becomes a new, self-contained human entity (cf. 22:5): all of which points to the existence of a plan and a purpose and, hence, to the existence of a conscious Creator.

أَلَم تَرَوا كَيفَ خَلَقَ اللَّهُ سَبعَ سَماواتٍ طِباقًا

'Do you not see how God has created seven heavens in full harmony with one another,⁸

1. 8.  Cf. 67:3 and the corresponding note 2.

وَجَعَلَ القَمَرَ فيهِنَّ نورًا وَجَعَلَ الشَّمسَ سِراجًا

and has set up within them the moon as a light [reflected] and set up the sun as a [radiant] lamp?⁹

1. 9.  See 10:5, where the sun is described as "a [source of] radiant light" (diya') and the moon as "light [reflected]" (nur); both these interpolations are explained in note 10 on 10:5.

وَاللَّهُ أَنبَتَكُم مِنَ الأَرضِ نَباتًا

'And God has caused you to grow out of the earth in [gradual] growth;¹⁰ and thereafter He will return you to it [in death]:

1. 10. This phrase has a twofold meaning. In the first instance, it alludes to the evolution of the individual human body out of the same substances - both organic and inorganic - as are found in and on the earth as well: and in this sense it enlarges upon the creation of the human individual "in successive stages" referred to in verse 14 above. Secondly, it alludes to the evolution of the human species, which, starting from the most primitive organisms living on earth, has gradually ascended to ever higher stages of development until it has finally reached that complexity of body, mind and soul evident in the human being.

ثُمَّ يُعيدُكُم فيها وَيُخرِجُكُم إِخراجًا

and [then] He will bring you forth [from It] in resurrection.¹¹

1. 11. Lit., "with a [final] bringing-forth ".

وَاللَّهُ جَعَلَ لَكُمُ الأَرضَ بِساطًا

'And God has made the earth a wide expanse for you,

لِتَسلُكوا مِنها سُبُلًا فِجاجًا

so that you might walk thereon on spacious paths.'¹²

1. 12. I.e., "He has provided you with all facilities for a good life on earth" - the unspoken implication being, "Will you not, then, acknowledge Him and be grateful to Him?"

قالَ نوحٌ رَبِّ إِنَّهُم عَصَوني وَاتَّبَعوا مَن لَم يَزِدهُ مالُهُ وَوَلَدُهُ إِلّا خَسارًا

[And] Noah continued: O my Sustainer! Behold, they have opposed me [throughout], for they follow people whose wealth and children lead them increasingly into ruin,¹³

1. 13. Lit., "and have followed him whose wealth and children do not increase him in aught but loss": i.e., people whose propensity and power only enhance their false pride and arrogance, and thus lead them to spiritual ruin. Beyond this, we have here a subtle allusion to the fact that an exclusive devotion to material prosperity must of necessity, in the long run, destroy all moral values and, thus, the very fabric of society.

وَمَكَروا مَكرًا كُبّارًا

and who have devised a most awesome blasphemy [against Thee],

وَقالوا لا تَذَرُنَّ آلِهَتَكُم وَلا تَذَرُنَّ وَدًّا وَلا سُواعًا وَلا يَغوثَ وَيَعوقَ وَنَسرًا

inasmuch as they said [to their followers], 'Do not ever abandon your gods: abandon neither Wadd nor Suwa', and neither Yaghuth nor Ya'uq nor Nasr!'¹⁴

1. 14. As is evident from early sources, these five gods were among the many worshipped by the pre-Islamic Arabs as well (see the small but extremely valuable work by Hisham ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi, KitAb al-Asnam, ed. Ahmad Zaki, Cairo 1914). Their cult had probably been introduced into Arabia from Syria and Babylonia, where it seems to have existed in earliest antiquity.

وَقَد أَضَلّوا كَثيرًا ۖ وَلا تَزِدِ الظّالِمينَ إِلّا ضَلالًا

And so they have led many a one astray: hence, ordain Thou that these evildoers stray but farther and farther away [from all that they may desire]!¹⁵

1. 15. Lit., "increase Thou not the evildoers in aught but in straying-away", i.e., from an achievement of their worldly goals (Razi).

مِمّا خَطيئَاتِهِم أُغرِقوا فَأُدخِلوا نارًا فَلَم يَجِدوا لَهُم مِن دونِ اللَّهِ أَنصارًا

And so, because of their sins, they were drowned [in the great flood], and were doomed to suffer the fire [of the hereafter];¹⁶ and they found none who could succour them against God.

1. 16. Lit., "and were made to enter the fire" - the past tense indicating the inevitability of the suffering yet to come (Zamakhshari).

وَقالَ نوحٌ رَبِّ لا تَذَر عَلَى الأَرضِ مِنَ الكافِرينَ دَيّارًا

And Noah prayed: O my Sustainer! Leave not on earth any of those who deny the truth:

إِنَّكَ إِن تَذَرهُم يُضِلّوا عِبادَكَ وَلا يَلِدوا إِلّا فاجِرًا كَفّارًا

for, behold, If Thou dost leave them, they will [always try to] lead astray those who worship Thee, and will give birth to nothing but wickedness and stubborn ingratitude.¹⁷

1. 17. Lit., "to such as are wicked (fajir), stubbornly ingrate (kaffar)": but since no one - and particularly not a prophet - is ever justified in assuming that the progeny of evildoers must of necessity be evil, it is obvious that the terms fajir and kaffar are used here metonymically denoting qualities or attitudes, and not persons.

رَبِّ اغفِر لي وَلِوالِدَيَّ وَلِمَن دَخَلَ بَيتِيَ مُؤمِنًا وَلِلمُؤمِنينَ وَالمُؤمِناتِ وَلا تَزِدِ الظّالِمينَ إِلّا تَبارًا

O my Sustainer! Grant Thy forgiveness unto me and unto my parents, and unto everyone who enters my house as a believer, and unto all believing men and believing women [of later times]; and grant Thou that the doers of evil shall increasingly meet with destruction!'¹⁸

1. 18. Lit., "increase Thou not the evildoers in aught but destruction" - i.e., destruction of their aims and, thus, of evil as such.