بِسمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحمـٰنِ الرَّحيمِ وَالذّارِياتِ ذَروًا

CONSIDER the winds that scatter the dust far and wide,

فَالحامِلاتِ وِقرًا

and those that carry the burden [of heavy clouds],

فَالجارِياتِ يُسرًا

and those that speed along with gentle ease,

فَالمُقَسِّماتِ أَمرًا

and those that apportion [the gift of life] at [God's] behest!¹

1. 1.  These symbolical epithets, consisting of adjectival participles without any mention of the nouns which they qualify, have been variously interpreted by the early commentators; but since there is a consensus of opinion regarding the first of these participles - adh-dhariyat - as denoting "dust-scattering winds", we may assume that the other three relate to different phases or manifestations of the same phenomenon (Razi) - namely, to the life-giving function of the combination of wind, clouds and rain - pointing, symbolically, to the miraculous creation of life as such and, thus, to the existence of a conscious, purposeful Creator.

إِنَّما توعَدونَ لَصادِقٌ

Verily, that which you are promised is true indeed,²

1. 2.  I.e., life after death.

وَإِنَّ الدّينَ لَواقِعٌ

and, verily, judgment is bound to come!

وَالسَّماءِ ذاتِ الحُبُكِ

CONSIDER the firmament full of starry paths!³

1. 3.  I.e., "think of the Creator of this great universe and, hence, of your responsibility to Him".

إِنَّكُم لَفي قَولٍ مُختَلِفٍ

Verily, [O men,] you are deeply at variance as to what to believe:⁴

1. 4.  Lit., "you are indeed in a discordant opinion (qawl)", i.e., as to whether or not there is life after death, whether God exists, whether there is any truth in divine revelation, and so forth.

يُؤفَكُ عَنهُ مَن أُفِكَ

perverted in his views thereon is he who would deceive himself!⁵

1. 5.  Lit., "perversely turned away from this [truth] is he who is made to lie" - or, according to the Taj al-'Arus, "he who is perverted in his reason and opinion", i.e., who is a priori disposed to deceive himself: implying that belief in God and, hence, in life after death is inherent in man's mind and feeling, and that, therefore, a departure from this belief is but an outcome of intellectual perversion.

قُتِلَ الخَرّاصونَ

They but destroy themselves,⁶ they who are given to guessing at what they cannot ascertain –⁷

1. 6.  For this rendering of the expression qutila, see note 9 on 74:19.
2. 7.  Thus the Taj al-'Arus, explaining the deeper meaning of al-kharrasun. "That which they cannot ascertain" is, in this context, synonymous with al-ghayb, "the reality which is beyond the reach of human perception".

الَّذينَ هُم في غَمرَةٍ ساهونَ

they who blunder along, in ignorance lost –

يَسأَلونَ أَيّانَ يَومُ الدّينِ

they who [mockingly] ask, “When is that Day of Judgment to be?

يَومَ هُم عَلَى النّارِ يُفتَنونَ

[It will be] a Day when they will be sorely tried by the fire,⁸

1. 8.  This "trial (fitnah) by the fire" is in tune with several Quranic allusions to the effect that the otherworldly suffering described as "hell" is not to be eternal: see in this connection notes 114 on 6:128, 40:12 and note 53 on 43:74.

ذوقوا فِتنَتَكُم هـٰذَا الَّذي كُنتُم بِهِ تَستَعجِلونَ

[and will be told:] “Taste this your trial! It is this that you were so hastily asking for!⁹

1. 9.  A reference to their one-time sarcastic demand that they should be punished for their rejection of the Quranic message: cf. 6:57 and 8:32 .

إِنَّ المُتَّقينَ في جَنّاتٍ وَعُيونٍ

[But,] behold, the God-conscious will find themselves amid gardens and springs,

آخِذينَ ما آتاهُم رَبُّهُم ۚ إِنَّهُم كانوا قَبلَ ذٰلِكَ مُحسِنينَ

enjoying all that their Sustainer will have granted them [because], verily, they were doers of good in the past:¹⁰

1. 10. Lit., "before that (Day)".

كانوا قَليلًا مِنَ اللَّيلِ ما يَهجَعونَ

they would lie asleep during but a small part of the night,

وَبِالأَسحارِ هُم يَستَغفِرونَ

and would pray for forgiveness from their innermost hearts;¹¹

1. 11. See note 10 on 3:17 .

وَفي أَموالِهِم حَقٌّ لِلسّائِلِ وَالمَحرومِ

and [would assign] in all that they possessed a due share unto such as might ask [for help] and such as might suffer priva­tion.¹²

1. 12. Sc., "but could not beg" - and this applies to all living creatures, whether human beings or mute animals (Razi), irrespective of whether the need is of a physical or an emotional nature.

وَفِي الأَرضِ آياتٌ لِلموقِنينَ

AND ON EARTH there are signs [of God's exis­tence, visible] to all who are endowed with inner certainty,

وَفي أَنفُسِكُم ۚ أَفَلا تُبصِرونَ

just as [there are signs thereof] within your own selves:¹³ can you not, then, see?

1. 13. See note 3 on 45:4.

وَفِي السَّماءِ رِزقُكُم وَما توعَدونَ

And in heaven is [the source of] your sus­tenance [on earth] and [of] all that you are promised [for your life after death]:¹⁴

1. 14. I.e., both physical (rain) and spiritual (truth and guidance).

فَوَرَبِّ السَّماءِ وَالأَرضِ إِنَّهُ لَحَقٌّ مِثلَ ما أَنَّكُم تَنطِقونَ

for, by the Sustainer of heaven and earth, this [life after death] is the very truth - as true as that you are endowed with speech!¹⁵

1. 15. Lit., "even as you speak" or "are able to speak": an allusion to man's ability to think conceptually and to express himself - that is, to something of which man is absolutely, axiomatic­ally conscious.

هَل أَتاكَ حَديثُ ضَيفِ إِبراهيمَ المُكرَمينَ

AND HAS the story of Abraham's honoured guests ever come within thy ken?¹⁶

1. 16. This story (as well as the subsequent mention of what happened to Lot's people and to the tribes of Ad and Thamud, of Moses and Pharaoh's people, and of Noah's people) is connected with the preceding references to the "signs", visible and conceptual, of God's existence and almightiness and the inflexible moral causality apparent in what the Qur'an describes as "the way of God" (sunnat Allah). The story of Abraham's angelic guests appears also in 11:69 ff. and - in a somewhat shorter version - in 15:51 ff. as well.

إِذ دَخَلوا عَلَيهِ فَقالوا سَلامًا ۖ قالَ سَلامٌ قَومٌ مُنكَرونَ

When those [heavenly messengers] came unto him and bade him peace, he answered, “[And upon you be] peace! - [saying to himself,] “They are strangers.¹⁷

1. 17. Lit., "unknown people" - i.e., not realizing that they were angels.

فَراغَ إِلىٰ أَهلِهِ فَجاءَ بِعِجلٍ سَمينٍ

Then he turned quietly to his household, and brought forth a fat [roasted] calf,

فَقَرَّبَهُ إِلَيهِم قالَ أَلا تَأكُلونَ

and placed it before them, saying, “Will you not eat?

فَأَوجَسَ مِنهُم خيفَةً ۖ قالوا لا تَخَف ۖ وَبَشَّروهُ بِغُلامٍ عَليمٍ

[And when he saw that the guests would not eat,] he became apprehensive of them;¹⁸ [but] they said, “Fear not - and gave him the glad tiding of [the birth of] a son who would be endowed with deep knowledge.¹⁹

1. 18. See note 101 on 11:70.
2. 19. I.e., with prophethood (cf. 15:53 ).

فَأَقبَلَتِ امرَأَتُهُ في صَرَّةٍ فَصَكَّت وَجهَها وَقالَت عَجوزٌ عَقيمٌ

Thereupon his wife approached [the guests] with a loud cry, and struck her face [in astonishment] and exclaimed: “A barren old woman [like me]!

قالوا كَذٰلِكِ قالَ رَبُّكِ ۖ إِنَّهُ هُوَ الحَكيمُ العَليمُ

They answered: “Thus has thy Sustainer decreed; and, verily, He alone is truly wise, all- knowing!

قالَ فَما خَطبُكُم أَيُّهَا المُرسَلونَ

Said [Abraham]: “And what [else] may you have in view, O you [heavenly] messengers?

قالوا إِنّا أُرسِلنا إِلىٰ قَومٍ مُجرِمينَ

They answered: “Behold, we have been sent unto a people lost in sin,²⁰

1. 20. I.e., Lot 's people.

لِنُرسِلَ عَلَيهِم حِجارَةً مِن طينٍ

to let loose upon them stone-hard blows of chastisement,²¹

1. 21. Lit., "stones of clay" - the noun "clay" (tin) is, according to Zamakhshari , identical with the term sijjil mentioned in 11:82 and tentatively explained in the corresponding note 114 as signifying "chastisement pre-ordained".

مُسَوَّمَةً عِندَ رَبِّكَ لِلمُسرِفينَ

marked out in thy Sustainer's sight for [the punishment of] such as have wasted their own selves.²²

1. 22. For an explanation of this rendering of the term musrifin, see note 21 on 10:12 .

فَأَخرَجنا مَن كانَ فيها مِنَ المُؤمِنينَ

And in the course of time²³ We brought out [of Lot 's city] such [few] believers as were there:

1. 23. Lit., "And then", i.e., after the events described in 11:77 ff. and 15:61 ff.

فَما وَجَدنا فيها غَيرَ بَيتٍ مِنَ المُسلِمينَ

for apart from one [single] house²⁴ We did not find there any who had surrendered themselves to Us.

1. 24. I.e., Lot 's family.

وَتَرَكنا فيها آيَةً لِلَّذينَ يَخافونَ العَذابَ الأَليمَ

And so We left therein²⁵ a message for those who fear the grievous suffering [which awaits all evildoers].

1. 25. I.e., in the utter destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.

وَفي موسىٰ إِذ أَرسَلناهُ إِلىٰ فِرعَونَ بِسُلطانٍ مُبينٍ

AND IN [the story of Pharaoh and] Moses, too, [We left the same message: for]²⁶ when We sent him unto Pharaoh with [Our] manifest authority,

1. 26. The above interpolations are based on the consensus of most of the classical commentators regarding the phrase "And in Moses, too".

فَتَوَلّىٰ بِرُكنِهِ وَقالَ ساحِرٌ أَو مَجنونٌ

and he turned away in [the pride of] his power and said, “A sorcerer [is this Moses], or a madman! –

فَأَخَذناهُ وَجُنودَهُ فَنَبَذناهُم فِي اليَمِّ وَهُوَ مُليمٌ

We seized him and his hosts, and cast them all into the sea: and [none but Pharaoh] himself was to blame [for what happened].²⁷

1. 27. This is an illustration of the Quranic doctrine that the suffering which is bound to befall an evildoer in this world or in the life to come, or in both, is but a consequence of his own doings.

وَفي عادٍ إِذ أَرسَلنا عَلَيهِمُ الرّيحَ العَقيمَ

And [you have the same message] in [what happened to the tribe of] Ad, when We let loose against them that life-destroying wind

ما تَذَرُ مِن شَيءٍ أَتَت عَلَيهِ إِلّا جَعَلَتهُ كَالرَّميمِ

which spared nothing of what it came upon, but caused [all of] it to become like bones dead and decayed.²⁸

1. 28. See 69:6. For the story of the tribe of Ad as such, see second half of note 48 on 7:65.

وَفي ثَمودَ إِذ قيلَ لَهُم تَمَتَّعوا حَتّىٰ حينٍ

And in [the story of the tribe of] Thamud, too, when they were told, “You shall enjoy your life for [but] a little while,²⁹

1. 29. Cf. 11:65. An outline of the story of the Thamud is given in 7:73.

فَعَتَوا عَن أَمرِ رَبِّهِم فَأَخَذَتهُمُ الصّاعِقَةُ وَهُم يَنظُرونَ

after they had turned with disdain from their Sustainer's commandment - whereupon the thunderbolt of punishment overtook them while they were [helplessly] looking on:

فَمَا استَطاعوا مِن قِيامٍ وَما كانوا مُنتَصِرينَ

for they were unable even to rise, and could not defend themselves.

وَقَومَ نوحٍ مِن قَبلُ ۖ إِنَّهُم كانوا قَومًا فاسِقينَ

And [thus, too, We destroyed] Noah's people aforetime: for they were iniquitous folk.³⁰

1. 30. Lit., "the sky" or "the heaven", which in the Qur'an often has the connotation of "universe" or, in the plural ("the heavens"), of "cosmic systems".

وَالسَّماءَ بَنَيناها بِأَيدٍ وَإِنّا لَموسِعونَ

AND IT IS We who have built the universe³¹ with [Our creative] power; and, verily, it is We who are steadily expanding it.*

1. 31. See note 38 on the first part of 21:30 . The phrase inna la-musi'un clearly foreshadows the modern notion of the "expanding universe" - that is, the fact that the cosmos, though finite in extent, is continuously expanding in space.

وَالأَرضَ فَرَشناها فَنِعمَ الماهِدونَ

And the earth have We spread out wide - and how well have We ordered it!³²

1. 32. I.e., in accordance with the requirements of the living organisms that were to - and did - develop on it.

وَمِن كُلِّ شَيءٍ خَلَقنا زَوجَينِ لَعَلَّكُم تَذَكَّرونَ

And in everything have We created oppos­ites,³³ so that you might bear in mind [that God alone is One].³⁴

1. 33. Lit., "of every thing have We created pairs"- a phrase which is explained in note 18 on 36:36.
2. 34. Cf. 89:3 and the corresponding note 2.

فَفِرّوا إِلَى اللَّهِ ۖ إِنّي لَكُم مِنهُ نَذيرٌ مُبينٌ

And so, [O Muhammad, say unto them:] “Flee unto God [from all that is false and evil]! Verily, I am a plain warner to you from Him!

وَلا تَجعَلوا مَعَ اللَّهِ إِلـٰهًا آخَرَ ۖ إِنّي لَكُم مِنهُ نَذيرٌ مُبينٌ

And do not ascribe divinity to aught side by side with God:³⁵ verily, I am a plain warner to you from Him!

1. 35. Lit., "do not set up any other deity".

كَذٰلِكَ ما أَتَى الَّذينَ مِن قَبلِهِم مِن رَسولٍ إِلّا قالوا ساحِرٌ أَو مَجنونٌ

[But] thus it is: never yet came any apostle to those who lived before their time but they said, “A spel¹binder³⁶

1. 36. Lit., "sorcerer".

أَتَواصَوا بِهِ ۚ بَل هُم قَومٌ طاغونَ

Have they, perchance, handed down this [way of thinking] as a legacy unto one another? Nay, they are people filled with overweening ar­rogance!

فَتَوَلَّ عَنهُم فَما أَنتَ بِمَلومٍ

Turn, then, away from them, and thou shalt incur no blame;

وَذَكِّر فَإِنَّ الذِّكرىٰ تَنفَعُ المُؤمِنينَ

yet go on reminding [all who would listen]: for, verily, such a reminder will profit the believers.

وَما خَلَقتُ الجِنَّ وَالإِنسَ إِلّا لِيَعبُدونِ

And [tell them that] I have not created the invisible beings³⁷ and men to any end other than that they may [know and] worship Me.³⁸

1. 37. For a full discussion of the term jinn ("invisible beings"), see Appendix III. As pointed out by most of the philologists - and stressed by Razi in his comments on the above verse - this term includes also the angels, since they, too, are beings or forces "concealed from man's senses".
2. 38. Thus, the innermost purpose of the creation of all rational beings is their cognition (marifah) of the existence of God and, hence, their conscious willingness to conform their own existence to whatever they may perceive of His will and plan: and it is this twofold concept of cognition and willingness that gives the deepest meaning to what the Qur'an describes as "worship" (ibadah). As the next verse shows, this spiritual call does not arise from any supposed "need" on the part of the Creator, who is self-sufficient and infinite in His power, but is designed as an instrument for the inner development of the worshipper, who, by the act of his conscious self-surrender to the all-pervading Creative Will, may hope to come closer to an understanding of that Will and, thus, closer to God Himself.

ما أُريدُ مِنهُم مِن رِزقٍ وَما أُريدُ أَن يُطعِمونِ

[But withal,] no sustenance do I ever demand of them, nor do I demand that they feed Me:

إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الرَّزّاقُ ذُو القُوَّةِ المَتينُ

for, verily, God Himself is the Provider of all sustenance, the Lord of all might, the Eternal!

فَإِنَّ لِلَّذينَ ظَلَموا ذَنوبًا مِثلَ ذَنوبِ أَصحابِهِم فَلا يَستَعجِلونِ

And, verily, they who are bent on doing evil shall have their share [of evil] like unto the share of their fellows [of old]:³⁹ so let them not ask Me to hasten [their doom]!

1. 39. Implying that every act of evildoing bears the seed of its own retribution either in this world or in the hereafter.

فَوَيلٌ لِلَّذينَ كَفَروا مِن يَومِهِمُ الَّذي يوعَدونَ

For, woe unto those who are bent on denying the truth - [woe] on the Day which they have been promised