بِسمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحمـٰنِ الرَّحيمِ حم

Ha. Mim.¹

1. 1.  See Appendix II.

تَنزيلُ الكِتابِ مِنَ اللَّهِ العَزيزِ الحَكيمِ

THE BESTOWAL from on high of this divine writ issues from God, the Almighty, the Wise.

إِنَّ فِي السَّماواتِ وَالأَرضِ لَآياتٍ لِلمُؤمِنينَ

Behold, in the heavens as well as on earth there are indeed messages for all who [are willing to] believe.²

1. 2.  Cf. 2:164, where the term ayat has been rendered by me in the same way, inasmuch as those visible signs of a consciously creative Power convey a spiritual message to man.

وَفي خَلقِكُم وَما يَبُثُّ مِن دابَّةٍ آياتٌ لِقَومٍ يوقِنونَ

And in your own nature, and in [that of] all the animals which He scatters [over the earth] there are messages for people who are endowed with inner certainty.³

1. 3.  Cf. 7:185 and the corresponding note. The intricate structure of human and animal bodies, and the life-preserving instincts with which all living creatures have been endowed, make it virtually impossible to assume that all this has developed "by accident"; and if we assume, as we must, that a creative purpose underlies this development, we must conclude, too, that it has been willed by a conscious Power which creates all natural phenomena "in accordance with an inner truth" (see note 11 on 10:5).

وَاختِلافِ اللَّيلِ وَالنَّهارِ وَما أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ مِنَ السَّماءِ مِن رِزقٍ فَأَحيا بِهِ الأَرضَ بَعدَ مَوتِها وَتَصريفِ الرِّياحِ آياتٌ لِقَومٍ يَعقِلونَ

And in the succession of night and day, and in the means of subsistence⁴ which God sends down from the skies, giving life thereby to the earth after it had been lifeless, and in the change of the winds: [in all this] there are messages for people who use their reason.

1. 4.  I.e., rain, with the symbolic connotation of physical and spiritual grace often attached to it in the Qur'an.

تِلكَ آياتُ اللَّهِ نَتلوها عَلَيكَ بِالحَقِّ ۖ فَبِأَيِّ حَديثٍ بَعدَ اللَّهِ وَآياتِهِ يُؤمِنونَ

These messages of God do We convey unto thee, setting forth the truth. In what other tiding, if not in God's messages, will they, then, believe?⁵

1. 5.  Lit., "in what tiding after God and His messages".

وَيلٌ لِكُلِّ أَفّاكٍ أَثيمٍ

Woe unto every sinful self-deceiver⁶

1. 6.  The term affak, which literally signifies a "liar" - and, particularly, a "habitual liar" - has here the connotation of "one who lies to himself" because he is ma'fuk, i.e., "perverted in his intellect and judgment" (Jawhari).

يَسمَعُ آياتِ اللَّهِ تُتلىٰ عَلَيهِ ثُمَّ يُصِرُّ مُستَكبِرًا كَأَن لَم يَسمَعها ۖ فَبَشِّرهُ بِعَذابٍ أَليمٍ

who hears God's messages when they are conveyed to him, and yet, as though he had not heard them, persists in his haughty disdain! Hence, announce unto him grievous suffering –

وَإِذا عَلِمَ مِن آياتِنا شَيئًا اتَّخَذَها هُزُوًا ۚ أُولـٰئِكَ لَهُم عَذابٌ مُهينٌ

for when he does become aware of any of Our messages, he makes them a target of his mockery! For all such there is shameful suffering in store.

مِن وَرائِهِم جَهَنَّمُ ۖ وَلا يُغني عَنهُم ما كَسَبوا شَيئًا وَلا مَا اتَّخَذوا مِن دونِ اللَّهِ أَولِياءَ ۖ وَلَهُم عَذابٌ عَظيمٌ

Hell is ahead of them; and all that they may have gained [in this world] shall be of no avail whatever to them, and neither shall any of those things which, instead of God, they have come to regard as their protectors:⁷ for, awesome suffering awaits them.

1. 7.  I.e., anything to which they may attribute a quasi-divine influence on their lives, whether it be false deities or false values, e.g., wealth, power, social status, etc.

هـٰذا هُدًى ۖ وَالَّذينَ كَفَروا بِآياتِ رَبِّهِم لَهُم عَذابٌ مِن رِجزٍ أَليمٌ

[To pay heed to God's signs and messages:] this is [the meaning of] guidance; on the other hand,⁸ for those who are bent on denying the truth of their Sustainer's messages there is grievous suffering in store as an outcome of [their] vileness.⁹

1. 8.  Lit., "and" or "but".
2. 9.  For an explanation of this rendering of the phrase min rijzin. see note 4 on 34:5.

اللَّهُ الَّذي سَخَّرَ لَكُمُ البَحرَ لِتَجرِيَ الفُلكُ فيهِ بِأَمرِهِ وَلِتَبتَغوا مِن فَضلِهِ وَلَعَلَّكُم تَشكُرونَ

IT IS GOD who has made the sea subservient [to His laws, so that it be of use] to you¹⁰ so that ships might sail through it at His behest, and that you might seek to obtain [what you need] of His bounty, and that you might have cause to be grateful.

1. 10. For the reason of the above interpolation, see surah 14 note 46 .

وَسَخَّرَ لَكُم ما فِي السَّماواتِ وَما فِي الأَرضِ جَميعًا مِنهُ ۚ إِنَّ في ذٰلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَومٍ يَتَفَكَّرونَ

And He has made subservient to you, [as a gift] from Himself, all that is in the heavens and on earth:¹¹ in this, behold, there are messages indeed for people who think!

1. 11. I.e., by endowing man, alone among all living beings, with a creative mind and, thus, with the ability to make conscious use of the nature that surrounds him and is within him.

قُل لِلَّذينَ آمَنوا يَغفِروا لِلَّذينَ لا يَرجونَ أَيّامَ اللَّهِ لِيَجزِيَ قَومًا بِما كانوا يَكسِبونَ

Tell all who have attained to faith that they should forgive those who do not believe in the com­ing of the Days of God,¹² [since it is] for Him [alone] to requite people for whatever they may have earned.

1. 12. Lit., "who do not hope for [i.e., expect] the Days of God", implying that they do not believe in them. As regards the meaning of "the Days of God", see surah 14 note 5.

مَن عَمِلَ صالِحًا فَلِنَفسِهِ ۖ وَمَن أَساءَ فَعَلَيها ۖ ثُمَّ إِلىٰ رَبِّكُم تُرجَعونَ

Whoever does what is just and right, does so for his own good; and whoever does evil, does so to his own hurt; and in the end unto your Sustainer you all will be brought back.

وَلَقَد آتَينا بَني إِسرائيلَ الكِتابَ وَالحُكمَ وَالنُّبُوَّةَ وَرَزَقناهُم مِنَ الطَّيِّباتِ وَفَضَّلناهُم عَلَى العالَمينَ

AND, INDEED, [already] unto the children of Israel did We vouchsafe revelation, and wisdom, and prophethood;¹³ and We provided for them sustenance out of the good things of life, and favoured them above all other people [of their time].¹⁴

1. 13. Sc., "in the same way and for the same purpose as We now bestow this revelation of the Qur'an" - thus stressing the fact of continuity in all divine revelation.
2. 14. I.e., inasmuch as at that time they were the only truly monotheistic community (cf. 2:47 ).

وَآتَيناهُم بَيِّناتٍ مِنَ الأَمرِ ۖ فَمَا اختَلَفوا إِلّا مِن بَعدِ ما جاءَهُمُ العِلمُ بَغيًا بَينَهُم ۚ إِنَّ رَبَّكَ يَقضي بَينَهُم يَومَ القِيامَةِ فيما كانوا فيهِ يَختَلِفونَ

And We gave them clear indications of the purpose [of faith];¹⁵ and it was only after all this knowledge had been vouchsafed to them that they began, out of mutual jealousy, to hold divergent views:¹⁶ [but,] verily, thy Sustainer will judge be­tween them on Resurrection Day regarding all whereon they were wont to differ.¹⁷

1. 15. This, I believe, is the meaning of the phrase min al-amr in the above context, although most of the classical commentators are of the opinion that amr signifies here "religion" (din), and interpret the whole phrase, accordingly, as "of what pertains to religion". Since, however, the common denominator in all the possible meanings of the term amr - e.g., "command", "in­junction", "ordinance", "matter [of concern]", "event", "action", etc. - is the element of purpose, whether implied or explicit, we may safely assume that this is the meaning of the term in the above elliptic phrase, which obviously alludes to the purpose underlying all divine revelation and, consequently, man's faith in it. Now from the totality of the Quranic teachings it becomes apparent that the innermost purpose of all true faith is, firstly, a realization of the existence of God and of every human being's responsibility to Him; secondly, man's attaining to a consciousness of his own dignity as a positive element - a logically necessary element - in God's plan of creation and, thus, achieving freedom from all manner of superstitions and irrational fears; and, lastly, making man aware that whatever good or evil he does is but done for the benefit, or to the detriment, of his own self (as expressed in verse 15 above).
2. 16. See 23:53 and the corresponding note 30.
3. 17. Lit., "thereafter" or "in the end" (thumma) - i.e., after the failure of the earlier communities to realize the ideal purpose of faith in their actual mode of life.

ثُمَّ جَعَلناكَ عَلىٰ شَريعَةٍ مِنَ الأَمرِ فَاتَّبِعها وَلا تَتَّبِع أَهواءَ الَّذينَ لا يَعلَمونَ

And, finally, [O Muhammad,] We have set thee on a way by which the purpose [of faith] may be fulfilled:¹⁸ so follow thou this [way], and follow not the likes and dislikes of those who do not know [the truth].¹⁹

1. 18. Lit., "on a way of the purpose [of faith]": see note on verse 17 above. It is to be borne in mind that the literal meaning of the term shari'ah is "the way to a watering-place", and since water is indispensable for all organic life, this term has in time come to denote a "system of laws", both moral and practical, which shows man the way towards spiritual fulfillment and social welfare: hence, "religious law" in the widest sense of the term. (See in this connection note 66 on the second part of 5:48.)
2. 19. I.e., who are not - or not primarily - motivated by God-consciousness and, hence, are swayed only by what they themselves regard as "right" in accordance with worldly, changing circum­stances.

إِنَّهُم لَن يُغنوا عَنكَ مِنَ اللَّهِ شَيئًا ۚ وَإِنَّ الظّالِمينَ بَعضُهُم أَولِياءُ بَعضٍ ۖ وَاللَّهُ وَلِيُّ المُتَّقينَ

Behold, they could never be of any avail to thee if thou wert to defy the will of God²⁰ for, verily, such evildoers are but friends and protectors of one another, whereas God is the Protector of all who are conscious of Him.

1. 20. Lit., "against [i.e., "in defiance of"] God".

هـٰذا بَصائِرُ لِلنّاسِ وَهُدًى وَرَحمَةٌ لِقَومٍ يوقِنونَ

This [revelation, then,]²¹ is a means of insight for mankind, and a guidance and grace unto people who are endowed with inner certainty.

1. 21. I.e., the Qur'an, which unfolds to man the purpose of all faith.

أَم حَسِبَ الَّذينَ اجتَرَحُوا السَّيِّئَاتِ أَن نَجعَلَهُم كَالَّذينَ آمَنوا وَعَمِلُوا الصّالِحاتِ سَواءً مَحياهُم وَمَماتُهُم ۚ ساءَ ما يَحكُمونَ

Now as for those who indulge in sinful doings - do they think that We place them, both in their life and their death, on an equal footing with those who have attained to faith and do righteous deeds? Bad, indeed, is their judgment:²²

1. 22. The meaning is twofold: "that We consider them to be equal with those who…", etc., and "that We shall deal with them in the same manner as We deal with those who…", etc. The reference to the intrinsic difference between these two categories with regard to "their life and their death" points not merely to the moral quality of their worldly existence, but also, on the one hand, to the inner peace and tranquility with which a true believer faces life's tribulations and the moment of death, and on the other, to the nagging anxiety which so often accompanies spiritual nihilism, and the "fear of the unknown" at the time of dying.

وَخَلَقَ اللَّهُ السَّماواتِ وَالأَرضَ بِالحَقِّ وَلِتُجزىٰ كُلُّ نَفسٍ بِما كَسَبَت وَهُم لا يُظلَمونَ

for, God has created the heavens and the earth in accordance with [an inner] truth,²³ and [has therefore willed] that every human being shall be recompensed for what he has earned and none shall be wronged.

1. 23. See note 11 on 10:5. The implication is that without a differentiation between right and wrong - or true and false - there would be no "inner truth" in the concept of a divinely-planned creation.

أَفَرَأَيتَ مَنِ اتَّخَذَ إِلـٰهَهُ هَواهُ وَأَضَلَّهُ اللَّهُ عَلىٰ عِلمٍ وَخَتَمَ عَلىٰ سَمعِهِ وَقَلبِهِ وَجَعَلَ عَلىٰ بَصَرِهِ غِشاوَةً فَمَن يَهديهِ مِن بَعدِ اللَّهِ ۚ أَفَلا تَذَكَّرونَ

HAST THOU ever considered [the kind of man] who makes his own desires his deity, and whom God has [thereupon] let go astray, knowing [that his mind is closed to all guidance],²⁴ and whose hearing and heart He has sealed, and upon whose sight He has placed a veil?²⁵ Who, then, could guide him after God [has abandoned him]? Will you not, then, bethink your­selves?

1. 24. Thus Razi, evidently reflecting the views of Zamakhshari , which have been quoted at length in my note 4 on 14:4.
2. 25. See note 7 on 2:7

وَقالوا ما هِيَ إِلّا حَياتُنَا الدُّنيا نَموتُ وَنَحيا وَما يُهلِكُنا إِلَّا الدَّهرُ ۚ وَما لَهُم بِذٰلِكَ مِن عِلمٍ ۖ إِن هُم إِلّا يَظُنّونَ

And yet they say: “There is nothing beyond our life in this world. We die as we come to life,²⁶ and nothing but time destroys us. But of this they have no knowledge whatever: they do nothing but guess.

1. 26. I.e., by accident, or as an outcome of blind forces of nature.

وَإِذا تُتلىٰ عَلَيهِم آياتُنا بَيِّناتٍ ما كانَ حُجَّتَهُم إِلّا أَن قالُوا ائتوا بِآبائِنا إِن كُنتُم صادِقينَ

And [so,] whenever Our messages are conveyed to them in all their clarity, their only argument is this:²⁷ “Bring forth our fore­fathers [as witnesses], if what you claim is true!²⁸

1. 27. Lit., "their argument is nothing but that they say".
2. 28. Cf. 44:36 and the corresponding note 19.

قُلِ اللَّهُ يُحييكُم ثُمَّ يُميتُكُم ثُمَّ يَجمَعُكُم إِلىٰ يَومِ القِيامَةِ لا رَيبَ فيهِ وَلـٰكِنَّ أَكثَرَ النّاسِ لا يَعلَمونَ

Say: “It is God who gives you life, and then causes you to die; and in the end He will gather you together on Resurrection Day, [the coming of] which is beyond all doubt - but most human beings under­stand it not.

وَلِلَّهِ مُلكُ السَّماواتِ وَالأَرضِ ۚ وَيَومَ تَقومُ السّاعَةُ يَومَئِذٍ يَخسَرُ المُبطِلونَ

For, God's is the dominion over the heavens and the earth; and on the Day when the Last Hour dawns - on that Day will be lost all who [in their lifetime] tried to reduce to nothing [whatever they could not understand].²⁹

1. 29. I.e., whatever they could not "prove" by direct observation or calculation. For the above rendering of al-mubtilun, see surah 29 note 47.

وَتَرىٰ كُلَّ أُمَّةٍ جاثِيَةً ۚ كُلُّ أُمَّةٍ تُدعىٰ إِلىٰ كِتابِهَا اليَومَ تُجزَونَ ما كُنتُم تَعمَلونَ

And [on that Day] thou wilt see all people kneeling down [in humility]: all people will be called upon to [face] their record: “Today you shall be requited for all that you ever did!

هـٰذا كِتابُنا يَنطِقُ عَلَيكُم بِالحَقِّ ۚ إِنّا كُنّا نَستَنسِخُ ما كُنتُم تَعمَلونَ

This Our record speaks of you in all truth: for, verily, We have caused to be recorded all that you ever did!

فَأَمَّا الَّذينَ آمَنوا وَعَمِلُوا الصّالِحاتِ فَيُدخِلُهُم رَبُّهُم في رَحمَتِهِ ۚ ذٰلِكَ هُوَ الفَوزُ المُبينُ

Now as for those who have attained to faith and done righteous deeds, their Sustainer will admit them to His grace: that will be [their] manifest triumph!

وَأَمَّا الَّذينَ كَفَروا أَفَلَم تَكُن آياتي تُتلىٰ عَلَيكُم فَاستَكبَرتُم وَكُنتُم قَومًا مُجرِمينَ

But as for those who were bent on denying the truth, [they will be told:] “Were not My messages conveyed to you? And withal, you gloried in your arrogance, and so you became people lost in sin:

وَإِذا قيلَ إِنَّ وَعدَ اللَّهِ حَقٌّ وَالسّاعَةُ لا رَيبَ فيها قُلتُم ما نَدري مَا السّاعَةُ إِن نَظُنُّ إِلّا ظَنًّا وَما نَحنُ بِمُستَيقِنينَ

for when it was said, 'Behold, God's promise always comes true, and there can be no doubt about [the coming of] the Last Hour' - you would answer, 'We do not know what that Last Hour may be: we think it is no more than an empty guess, and [so] we are by no means convinced!'

وَبَدا لَهُم سَيِّئَاتُ ما عَمِلوا وَحاقَ بِهِم ما كانوا بِهِ يَستَهزِئونَ

And [on that Day,] the evil of their doings will become obvious to them, and they will be over­whelmed by the very thing which they were wont to deride.³⁰

1. 30. Lit., "and that which they were wont to deride will have enfolded them".

وَقيلَ اليَومَ نَنساكُم كَما نَسيتُم لِقاءَ يَومِكُم هـٰذا وَمَأواكُمُ النّارُ وَما لَكُم مِن ناصِرينَ

And [the word] will be spoken: “Today We shall be oblivious of you as you were oblivious of the coming of this your Day [of Judgment]; and so your goal is the fire, and you shall have none to succour you:

ذٰلِكُم بِأَنَّكُمُ اتَّخَذتُم آياتِ اللَّهِ هُزُوًا وَغَرَّتكُمُ الحَياةُ الدُّنيا ۚ فَاليَومَ لا يُخرَجونَ مِنها وَلا هُم يُستَعتَبونَ

this, because you made God's messages the target of your mockery, having allowed the life of this world to beguile you!³¹ On that Day, therefore, they will not be brought out of the fire,³² nor will they be allowed to make amends.

1. 31. Lit., "since the life of this world has beguiled you": implying that this self-abandonment to worldly pursuits was the cause of their scornful disregard of God's messages.
2. 32. Lit., "out of it". Regarding the stress on the phrase, "On that Day", see note 114 on the last paragraph of 6:128, note 10 on 40:12 and note 59 on 43:74.

فَلِلَّهِ الحَمدُ رَبِّ السَّماواتِ وَرَبِّ الأَرضِ رَبِّ العالَمينَ

AND THUS, all praise is due to God, Sustainer of the heavens and Sustainer of the earth: the Sustainer of all the worlds!

وَلَهُ الكِبرِياءُ فِي السَّماواتِ وَالأَرضِ ۖ وَهُوَ العَزيزُ الحَكيمُ

And His alone is all majesty in the heavens and on earth; and He alone is almighty, truly wise!