بِسمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحمـٰنِ الرَّحيمِ الم

Alif. Lam. Mim.¹

1. 1.  See Appendix II.

تَنزيلُ الكِتابِ لا رَيبَ فيهِ مِن رَبِّ العالَمينَ

The bestowal from on high of this divine writ issues, beyond any doubt, from the Sustainer of all the worlds:

أَم يَقولونَ افتَراهُ ۚ بَل هُوَ الحَقُّ مِن رَبِّكَ لِتُنذِرَ قَومًا ما أَتاهُم مِن نَذيرٍ مِن قَبلِكَ لَعَلَّهُم يَهتَدونَ

and yet,² they [who are bent on denying the truth] assert, “[Muhammad] has invented it! Nay, but it is the truth from thy Sustainer, enabling thee to warn [this] people to whom no warner has come before thee, so that they might follow the right path.

1. 2.  Cf. note 61 on 10:38.

اللَّهُ الَّذي خَلَقَ السَّماواتِ وَالأَرضَ وَما بَينَهُما في سِتَّةِ أَيّامٍ ثُمَّ استَوىٰ عَلَى العَرشِ ۖ ما لَكُم مِن دونِهِ مِن وَلِيٍّ وَلا شَفيعٍ ۚ أَفَلا تَتَذَكَّرونَ

IT IS GOD who has created the heavens and the earth and all that is between them in six aeons, and is established on the throne of His almightiness.³ You have none to protect you from God, and none to intercede for you [on Judgment Day]: will you not, then, bethink yourselves?

1. 3.  See note 43 on 7:54.

يُدَبِّرُ الأَمرَ مِنَ السَّماءِ إِلَى الأَرضِ ثُمَّ يَعرُجُ إِلَيهِ في يَومٍ كانَ مِقدارُهُ أَلفَ سَنَةٍ مِمّا تَعُدّونَ

He governs all that exists, from the celestial space to the earth; and in the end all shall ascend unto Him [for judgment] on a Day the length whereof will be [like] a thousand years of your reckoning.⁴

1. 4.  I.e., the Day of Judgment will seem to be endless to those who are judged. In the ancient Arabic idiom, a day that is trying or painful is described as "long", just as a happy day is spoken of as "short" (Maraghi XXI, 105).

ذٰلِكَ عالِمُ الغَيبِ وَالشَّهادَةِ العَزيزُ الرَّحيمُ

Such is He who knows all that is beyond the reach of a created being's perception, as well as all that can be witnessed by a creature's senses or mind:⁵ the Almighty, the Dispenser of Grace,

1. 5.  See surah 6 note 65.

الَّذي أَحسَنَ كُلَّ شَيءٍ خَلَقَهُ ۖ وَبَدَأَ خَلقَ الإِنسانِ مِن طينٍ

who makes most excellent everything that He creates.⁶ Thus, He begins the creation of man out of clay;⁷

1. 6.  I.e., He fashions every detail of His creation in accordance with the functions intended for it, irrespective of whether those functions can be understood by us or are beyond the reach of our perception. In the text, the passage comprising verses 7-9 is in the past tense; but since it relates to a continuous act of creation, it signifies the present and the future as well as the past, and may, therefore, be suitably rendered in the present tense.
2. 7.  Cf. note 4 on 23:12. In view of the next verse, this "beginning" of man's creation seems to allude to the basic composition of the human body as such, as well as to each individual's pre-natal existence in the separate bodies of his parents.

ثُمَّ جَعَلَ نَسلَهُ مِن سُلالَةٍ مِن ماءٍ مَهينٍ

then He causes him to be begotten⁸ out of the essence of a humble fluid;

1. 8.  Lit., "He caused [i.e., as pointed out in note 6 above, "He causes"] his procreation [or "his begetting"] to be out of…", etc.

ثُمَّ سَوّاهُ وَنَفَخَ فيهِ مِن روحِهِ ۖ وَجَعَلَ لَكُمُ السَّمعَ وَالأَبصارَ وَالأَفئِدَةَ ۚ قَليلًا ما تَشكُرونَ

and then He forms him in accordance with what he is meant to be, and breathes into him of His spirit:⁹ and [thus, O men,] He endows you with hearing, and sight, and feelings as well as minds:¹⁰ [yet] how seldom are you grateful!

1. 9.  As in 15:29 and 38:72, God's "breathing of His spirit into man" is a metaphor for the divine gift of life and consciousness, or of a "soul" (which, as pointed out in surah 4 note 181, is one of the meanings of the term ruh). Consequently, "the soul of every human being is of the spirit of God" (Razi). Regarding the verb sawwahu - rendered by me as "He forms him in accordance with what he is meant to be" - see note 1 on 87:2 and note 5 on 91:7.
2. 10. Lit., "hearts" (af'idah), which in classical Arabic is a metonym for both "feelings" and "minds"; hence my composite rendering of this term.

وَقالوا أَإِذا ضَلَلنا فِي الأَرضِ أَإِنّا لَفي خَلقٍ جَديدٍ ۚ بَل هُم بِلِقاءِ رَبِّهِم كافِرونَ

For, [many are] they [who] say, “What! After we have been [dead and] lost in the earth, shall we indeed be [restored to life] in a new act of crea­tion? Nay, but [by saying this] they deny the truth that they are destined to meet their Sustainer!¹¹

1. 11. Sc., "and thus, by implication, they deny His existence". (Cf. notes 11 and 12 on 13:5.)

قُل يَتَوَفّاكُم مَلَكُ المَوتِ الَّذي وُكِّلَ بِكُم ثُمَّ إِلىٰ رَبِّكُم تُرجَعونَ

Say: “[One day,] the angel of death who has been given charge of you will gather you, and then unto your Sustainer you will be brought back.

وَلَو تَرىٰ إِذِ المُجرِمونَ ناكِسو رُءوسِهِم عِندَ رَبِّهِم رَبَّنا أَبصَرنا وَسَمِعنا فَارجِعنا نَعمَل صالِحًا إِنّا موقِنونَ

If thou couldst but see [how it will be on Judgment Day], when those who are lost in sin will hang their heads before their Sustainer, [saying:] “O our Sustainer! [Now] we have seen, and we have heard! Return us, then, [to our earthly life] that we may do good deeds: for [now], behold, we are certain [of the truth]!

وَلَو شِئنا لَآتَينا كُلَّ نَفسٍ هُداها وَلـٰكِن حَقَّ القَولُ مِنّي لَأَملَأَنَّ جَهَنَّمَ مِنَ الجِنَّةِ وَالنّاسِ أَجمَعينَ

Yet had We so willed, We could indeed have imposed Our guidance upon every human being:¹² but [We have not willed it thus - and so] that word of Mine has come true: “Most certainly will I fill hell with invisible beings as well as with humans, all together!¹³

1. 12. Lit., "We could indeed have given unto every human being (nafs) his guidance", i.e., forcibly: but since this would have deprived man of his ability to choose between right and wrong - and, thus, of all moral responsibility - God does not "impose" His guidance upon anyone (cf. 26:4 and the corresponding note).
2. 13. See 7:18 as well as the last paragraph of 11:119. As regards the "invisible beings" (jinn), see Appendix III.

فَذوقوا بِما نَسيتُم لِقاءَ يَومِكُم هـٰذا إِنّا نَسيناكُم ۖ وَذوقوا عَذابَ الخُلدِ بِما كُنتُم تَعمَلونَ

[And He will say unto the sinners:] “Taste, then, [the recompense] for your having been obli­vious of the coming of this your Day [of Judgment] - for, verily, We are [now] oblivious of you: taste, then, [this] abiding suffering for all [the evil] that you were wont to do!

إِنَّما يُؤمِنُ بِآياتِنَا الَّذينَ إِذا ذُكِّروا بِها خَرّوا سُجَّدًا وَسَبَّحوا بِحَمدِ رَبِّهِم وَهُم لا يَستَكبِرونَ ۩

ONLY THEY [truly] believe in Our messages who, whenever they are conveyed to them, fall down, prostrating themselves in adoration, and extol their Sustainer's limitless glory and praise; and who are never filled with false pride;

تَتَجافىٰ جُنوبُهُم عَنِ المَضاجِعِ يَدعونَ رَبَّهُم خَوفًا وَطَمَعًا وَمِمّا رَزَقناهُم يُنفِقونَ

[and] who are im­pelled to rise¹⁴ from their beds [at night] to call out to their Sustainer in fear and hope; and who spend on others out of what We provide for them as sus­tenance.

1. 14. Lit., "whose sides [i.e., bodies] restlessly rise".

فَلا تَعلَمُ نَفسٌ ما أُخفِيَ لَهُم مِن قُرَّةِ أَعيُنٍ جَزاءً بِما كانوا يَعمَلونَ

And [as for all such believers,] no human being can imagine what blissful delights, as yet hidden, await them [in the life to come] as a reward for all that they did.¹⁵

1. 15. Lit., "what is kept hidden for them [by way] of a joy of the eyes", i.e., of blissful delights, irrespective of whether seen, heard or felt. The expression "what is kept hidden for them" clearly alludes to the unknowable - and, therefore, only allegorically describable - quality of life in the hereafter. The impossibility of man's really "imagining" paradise has been summed up by the Prophet in the well-authenticated hadith: "God says: 'I have readied for My righteous servants what no eye has ever seen, and no ear has ever heard, and no heart of man has ever conceived" ' (Bukhari and Muslim, on the authority of Abu Hurayrah; also Tirmidhi). This hadith has always been regarded by the Companions as the Prophet's own comment on the above verse (cf. Fath al-Bari VIII, 418 f.).

أَفَمَن كانَ مُؤمِنًا كَمَن كانَ فاسِقًا ۚ لا يَستَوونَ

Is, then, he who [in his earthly life] was a believer to be compared with one who was in­iquitous? [Nay,] these two are not equal!

أَمَّا الَّذينَ آمَنوا وَعَمِلُوا الصّالِحاتِ فَلَهُم جَنّاتُ المَأوىٰ نُزُلًا بِما كانوا يَعمَلونَ

As for those who attain to faith and do right­eous deeds - gardens of rest await them, as a wel­come [from God], in result of what they did;

وَأَمَّا الَّذينَ فَسَقوا فَمَأواهُمُ النّارُ ۖ كُلَّما أَرادوا أَن يَخرُجوا مِنها أُعيدوا فيها وَقيلَ لَهُم ذوقوا عَذابَ النّارِ الَّذي كُنتُم بِهِ تُكَذِّبونَ

but as for those who are lost in iniquity - their goal is the fire: as oft as they will try to come out of it, they will be thrown back into it; and they will be told, “Taste [now] this suffering through fire which you were wont to call a lie!

وَلَنُذيقَنَّهُم مِنَ العَذابِ الأَدنىٰ دونَ العَذابِ الأَكبَرِ لَعَلَّهُم يَرجِعونَ

However, ere [We condemn them to] that supreme suffering, We shall most certainly let them taste of a suffering closer at hand,¹⁶ so that they might [repent and] mend their ways.¹⁷

1. 16. Lit., "nearer", i.e., in this world: for an explanation, see note 27 on 52:47.
2. 17. Lit., "so that they might return (to righteousness)".

وَمَن أَظلَمُ مِمَّن ذُكِّرَ بِآياتِ رَبِّهِ ثُمَّ أَعرَضَ عَنها ۚ إِنّا مِنَ المُجرِمينَ مُنتَقِمونَ

And who could be more wicked than he to whom his Sustainer's messages are conveyed and who thereupon turns away from them? Verily, We shall inflict Our retribution on those who are [thus] lost in sin!

وَلَقَد آتَينا موسَى الكِتابَ فَلا تَكُن في مِريَةٍ مِن لِقائِهِ ۖ وَجَعَلناهُ هُدًى لِبَني إِسرائيلَ

AND, INDEED, [O Muhammad,] We did vouchsafe revelation unto Moses [as well]: so be not in doubt of [thy] having met with the same [truth in the revelation vouchsafed to thee].¹⁸ And [just as] We caused that [earlier revelation] to be a guidance for the children of Israel,

1. 18. With this passage the discourse returns to the theme enunciated at the beginning of this surah - namely, the divine origin of the revelation granted to Muhammad, which, as the present passage points out, proceeds from the same source as that granted to Moses (the last of the great apostles of God accepted as such by all the three monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam). Furthermore, the identity of the fundamental truths in all divine revelations, stressed in the above verse, implies an identity of the moral demands made of the followers of those revelations irrespective of period, race or social environment.

وَجَعَلنا مِنهُم أَئِمَّةً يَهدونَ بِأَمرِنا لَمّا صَبَروا ۖ وَكانوا بِآياتِنا يوقِنونَ

and [as] We raised among them leaders who, so long as they bore themselves with patience and had sure faith in Our messages, guided [their people] in accordance with Our behest¹⁹ [so, too, shall it be with the divine writ revealed unto thee, O Muhammad.]²⁰

1. 19. I.e., in accordance with the divine ordinances enunciated in and for their time in the Torah: an allusion to the decline of faith, frequently mentioned in the Qur'an, among the children of Israel of later times, and the tendency among many of their leaders and learned men to corrupt the text of the Torah and, thus, to "overlay the truth with falsehood" (see, e.g., 2:42, 75, 79, and the corresponding notes).
2. 20. This interpolation reflects Zamakhshari's commentary on the above passage, to the effect that the Qur'an is destined to provide guidance and light so long as the community's religious leaders are patient in adversity and steadfast in their faith: an interpretation which implies that the Qur'an will cease to be of benefit to people who have lost their moral virtues and their faith.

إِنَّ رَبَّكَ هُوَ يَفصِلُ بَينَهُم يَومَ القِيامَةِ فيما كانوا فيهِ يَختَلِفونَ

VERILY, it is God alone who will decide between men²¹ on Resurrection Day with regard to all on which they were wont to differ.²²

1. 21. Lit., "between them".
2. 22. See surah 2 note 94; also 22:67. In the present instance, this difference of opinion relates to belief in resurrection, on the one hand, and its denial, on the other.

أَوَلَم يَهدِ لَهُم كَم أَهلَكنا مِن قَبلِهِم مِنَ القُرونِ يَمشونَ في مَساكِنِهِم ۚ إِنَّ في ذٰلِكَ لَآياتٍ ۖ أَفَلا يَسمَعونَ

[But] can, then, they [who deny the truth] learn no lesson by recalling how many a generation We have destroyed before their time?²³ [people] in whose dwelling-places they [themselves now] walk about? In this, behold, there are messages indeed: will they not, then, listen?

1. 23. For the wider meaning of the term qarn (lit., "generation"), see note 111 on 20:128.

أَوَلَم يَرَوا أَنّا نَسوقُ الماءَ إِلَى الأَرضِ الجُرُزِ فَنُخرِجُ بِهِ زَرعًا تَأكُلُ مِنهُ أَنعامُهُم وَأَنفُسُهُم ۖ أَفَلا يُبصِرونَ

Are they not aware that it is We who drive the rain onto dry land devoid of herbage, and thereby bring forth herbage of which their cattle and they themselves do eat? Can they not, then, see [the truth of resurrection]?

وَيَقولونَ مَتىٰ هـٰذَا الفَتحُ إِن كُنتُم صادِقينَ

But they answer: “When will that final decision take place, if what you [believers] say is true?²⁴

1. 24. A reference to the statement in verse 25.

قُل يَومَ الفَتحِ لا يَنفَعُ الَّذينَ كَفَروا إيمانُهُم وَلا هُم يُنظَرونَ

Say: “On the Day of the Final Decision, their [newly-found] faith will be of no use to those who [in their lifetime] were bent on denying the truth, nor will they be granted respite! –

فَأَعرِض عَنهُم وَانتَظِر إِنَّهُم مُنتَظِرونَ

and then leave them alone, and wait [for the truth to unfold as] they, behold, are waiting.